Following my last post on How To Reduce or Avoid Paying Inheritance Tax (IHT), this post is about Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs), which can be used to reduce the tax bill on your savings (both cash and shares).
History: PEPs & TESSAs
Before we get onto discussing Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs) however, let’s take a quick look at what came before them: TESSAs & PEPs.
TESSAs
A Tax Exempt Special Savings Account (TESSA) was a special bank or building society account that offered tax-free interest provided the account was maintained for a fixed period of five years. So as long as you left your savings in the account throughout that period any interest, dividends or bonus earned would be totally free of tax.
TESSAs have now been replaced by cash ISAs, and under New Labour Gordon Brown made it impossible to open any new TESSA after 5 April 1999. But more on that later.
In total, up to £9,000 could be saved in a TESSA over five years, but there were limits to the amount that could be deposited each year. Up to £3,000 could be deposited in the first year, and no more than £1,800 in each subsequent year. Usefully, each TESSA year began on the anniversary of the date the account was opened.
PEPs
Running concurrently with TESSAs, Personal Equity Plans (PEPs) were available for investment between 1987 and 1999, allowing you to enjoy the profits from stockmarket related investments free of income tax and capital gains tax.
When PEPs were introduced in 1987 by the then Conservative Chancellor, Nigel Lawson, the idea was specifically to encourage people to buy company shares (and in so doing encourage people to demonstrate prudence, save for their own retirement, and invest in the UK economy). The range of possible investments in PEPs was gradually widened to include unit trusts, investment trusts and corporate bonds.
Investment could be made in both General PEPs and Single Company PEPs in the same year, and from 1991/92 through to 1998/99 the limits were £6,000 and £3,000 respectively. Any gains that remained within the PEP were entirely tax free, regardless of the holder’s own tax rate.
New Labour & Gordon Brown
New Labour’s 1997 election manifesto said, “We will introduce a new individual savings account and extend the principles of TESSAs and PEPs to promote long-term saving. We will review the corporate and capital gains tax regimes to see how the tax system can promote greater long-term investment.”
In practice, this meant the abolition of TESSAs and PEPs, two hugely popular and successful tax-efficient ways of saving and investing. They were replaced by Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs): with less attractive tax breaks, and a much lower annual limit on total contributions than the £10,800 that could have been sheltered in TESSAs and PEPs on an ongoing annual basis.
On 6th April 2008 the tax efficient PEP wrappers were automatically converted to ISAs preserving the investments within them. This resulted in a small change to the way interest held within the former PEP is taxed, but ISAs are still free of Capital Gains Tax and Income Tax.
So let’s take a look at what’s available now.
Individual Savings Account (ISA)
In April 1999, Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs) were introduced by the then Chancellor of The Exchequer, Gordon Brown, to replace old style TESSAs and PEPs.
An ISA is simply a tax free wrapper into which you can place either cash or shares. If you’ve got any savings, or investments, you should have an ISA because it saves tax and therefore increases your returns. Whether for cash or shares, an ISA should be the first stop for your savings. The way it works will depend on the type of savings you put in.
Cash ISAs
If you use a standard instant access savings account, then as a basic-rate taxpayer you have to give 20% of the interest earned straight to the Government (for higher-rate taxpayers this becomes 40%).
Cash ISAs are simply savings accounts where the interest isn’t taxed, meaning it will almost certainly generate a higher return than any ordinary savings account is able to. For example, for a cash ISA paying 6% to be beaten, a higher-rate taxpayer would need a savings account that paid more than 10% before tax!
Just like normal savings accounts there are a variety of cash ISAs available, such as instant access, fixed rate, and accounts with base rate guarantees (potentially useful now that the Bank Base Rate (BBR) is sitting at just 2%!).
Stocks and Shares ISAs
If you invest in stocks and shares (i.e. equities) then, depending upon which market it is traded on, that investment may also be eligible for inclusion in an ISA. Shares in some companies may be placed inside a self-select ISA.
I say ’some companies’ and ‘may’ because while Gordon was happy enough for us to buy shares in FTSE 100 companies, he didn’t want us to invest in those trading on e.g. the Alternative Investment Market (AIM). AIM is where the shares of smaller and more volatile companies are traded. His claim at the time was that this was to protect investors from potentially large losses, but cynically it could also have been to limit the value of the ISA tax shelter (and thus his tax loss) because AIM is also precisely where the largest gains are to be made!
A common use of the ISA shares allowance is for collective investment vehicles such as unit trusts or investment trusts. Placing these investments inside an ISA wrapper provides two tax advantages. First: any profits made from share price increases aren’t eligible for capital gains tax; and second it enables all the tax on bonds to be reclaimed.
Over the years since their inception, ISAs have gradually become less complex. Each tax year everyone over the age of 16 has an ISA ‘allowance’, which sets the maximum that can be saved within the tax-free wrapper from 6th April to 5th April. The current limit is £7,200, up to £3,600 of which can be in the form of cash, although the whole amount could be used for shares if you wish.
There are three basic scenarios:
- Using the maximum cash allowance. You can put £3,600 into a cash ISA, leaving £3,600 available for shares (though you aren’t obliged to use this).
- Use it all for shares. You are allowed to invest in £7,200 worth of shares (however this leaves no room for tax-free cash savings).
- Mix & Match. Any amount under £3,600 can be saved in cash, then the rest of your £7,200 allowance put in a shares ISA. For example, if you save £2,200 in a cash ISA then you have a remaining allowance of £5,000 left to invest in shares.
Any savings or investments must be made by the end of the tax year, i.e. 5th April; unused allowances don’t rollover, they are lost forever.
Summary
In summary therefore an ISA should always be the first place to put any savings because after the tax year ends, any savings or investments stay within the tax-free ISA wrapper for the future, where they’ll continue to earn interest. You can of course withdraw your savings at any time you wish.
Despite the much lower annual savings limits set by New Labour in 1999 (even now it is just two thirds of what it was when they came to power in 1997 - which seems odd given that we are heading into a pensions crisis and they are telling us to take responsibility for ourselves) it is still possible to have a useful amount invested within ISA wrappers: £7,000 per year from 1999 to 2008, and £7,200 per year after that, plus the gains made in each year.
IFA Promotion (IFAP) reckons that simply by moving money from ordinary savings accounts into ISAs each year, British savers could reduce their tax bill by a staggering £263 million a year!
So that’s my second tip, how to avoid paying tax on the first £7,200 of your savings each year. If you found it helpful then look out for more tips between now and Christmas. In my next post, I’ll be talking about How To File Your Self Assessment Tax Return Online by 31 January.
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